The ratio between the surface area and volume of cells and organisms has an enormous impact on their biology. For example, many aquatic microorganisms have increased surface area to increase their drag in the water. This reduces their rate of sink and allows them to remain near the surface with less energy expenditure.
If you have 3 cubes: one 2 cm squared, one 1 cm squared and one 0.5 cm squared, the SA:Vol ratio will double every single time. I.E.: the 2 cm cube be 3:1, the 1 cm cube would be 6:1 and the 0.5 cm cube would be 12:1. This shows that each time, the surface area doubles. Humans cannot rely on diffusion for their whole body; however, animals such as flatworms and leeches can, as they have less volume.
An increased surface area to volume ratio also means increased exposure to the environment. The many tentacles of jellyfish and anemones are the result of increased surface area for the acquisition of food. Greater surface area allows more of the surrounding water to be sifted for food.
Individual organs in animals are often based on the principle of greater surface area. The lung is an organ with numerous internal branchings that increase the surface area through which oxygen is passed into the blood and carbon dioxide is released from the blood. The intestine has a finely wrinkled internal surface, increasing the area through which nutrients are absorbed by the body. This is done to increase the surface area in which diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs and diffusion of nutrients in villi of the small intestine can occur.
Cells can get around having a low surface area to volume ratio by being long and thin (nerve cells) or convoluted (microvilli)
Increased surface area can also lead to biological problems. More contact with the environment through the surface of a cell or an organ (relative to its volume) increases loss of water and dissolved substances. High surface area to volume ratios also present problems of temperature control in unfavorable environments.
