TDS = total dissolved solids. It's about understanding the difference between the parts of the method.
The filtering is to remove the non-dissolved material like grass, dirt etc. that would be in a river/dam.
After thats filtered then you can find out how much solid is dissolved by evaporating off the water.
So for the calculation we want to use the 3rd and 4th rows
solids = 230.13 - 229.89 = 0.24g
but calculation needs to be in mg so it's 240 mg
Then mg/L = 240 / 0.5 L
(the 0.5L comes from the method where they say they used the 500 mL water sample)
that gives 480 mg/L
which is below the maximum concentration allowed by the EPA, so the sample meets the standards