The aligned mark is the mark that's been aligned by the Board of Studies to the "standards packages" for each subject. Firstly, the papers are marked and the raw marks (straight from the exam papers) are obtained. Then, aligning takes place. It's basically where people look over the raw marks and "match" them to bands - high band 6 for the papers which demonstrate extensive knowledge of the course, low band 6 for those with slightly less, but still excellent knowledge, etc.
The scaled mark is the mark obtained by the Technical Committee on Scaling when they calculate the UAI.
The UAI is not calculated by the Board of Studies. The Committee obtains the raw marks from the Board of Studies, and then compares how people do in one subject to how they do in their others. Lots of complicated calculations later, they arrive at a scaled mark - the raw mark taken up or down. The top ten units of scaled marks (plus 2 units of English) are then used to calculate the UAI.
The mark you get back from the Board of Studies is called your HSC mark, and is the average or your aligned exam mark and your moderated assessment mark (determined using your rank in the class and your class's performance in the exams).
More info can be found
here and
here.
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