Arab - Israeli (1 Viewer)

[miss-teek]

I have my trials on Friday, and I was wondering, if anyone else is doing Arab - Israli, if people wanted to help each other out by taking it in turns to write about the Key Features. I have done Key Feature 1: the effect of the creation of Israel on the Palestinian people, on neighbouring countries and on Jewish communities in Arab countris:

The creation of Israel initiated a whole new phase in the Arab - Israeli conflict. Indeed, the establishment brought about greater hostility among Arab nations, thus inflicting increased terrorist attacks. The only solution for the Arabs was war, hence the breakout of the War of Independence on the 15th May 1948. The aim of the Arabs was to wipe out the state, and prevent it from ever re - establishing. However, the Arabs were defeated as a result of the periodic intervals which were consequence of the UN truces that were put into effect. These intervals gave way for the Israeli to order some armaments from the Soviets. It was these time frames which ultimately helped Israel to win the war, thus implementing fear in the minds of the Arabs, cause those who survived to flee, forced to become refugees in 'their' country. The victory of the Israelis securred the creation of Israel.

The creation of a Jewish stat had great effects for Jews in Arab countries. Jews either fled or well expelled from Muslim countris, fleeing to their promised land. This meant a dramatic increase in the Jewish immigration rate. However, this introduce the problem relatin to the largy diversity in Jewish customs, cultures and languages. However, all in all, the creation of Israel established a new image of Jews. The victory in the 19498 war portrayed the Jews as strong and determined, and displayed the ability of Jews to survive in an area where they were surronded by Arabs.

The creation of Israel brought about increased hostility amongst the neighbouring countries. It initiated failure to recognis the right of Israel to exist, and after their defeat in the 1948 war, Arab countries refused to sign any form of peace treaty with the Jewish state. A further discouragement for the Arabs was the repeatitive interference of the super powers, during the course of and after the official establishment of Israel. Arab countries were also hostile to the Soviets due to the supplies which it provided to Israel during the war. Ever since the creation of Israel, with a few exceptions in relation to the peace process, the Arab countries have been solely committed to the destruction of Israel.

For the Arab population in Palestine, the traditional Palestine had ceased to exist in May 1948. The Arabs of Palestine believed that, through the creation of Israel, their biblical rights had been ignored. It has been a firm belief of Palestinian historians that a Palestinian Arab state had not emerged because Israel had prevented it. On the other hand, Israeli historians hold the belief that a Palestinian stat DID emerge in the area which was allocated by the United Nations General Assembly - an expanded Jordan, as Israeli historians have called it.

If I have left out some important information, please add this on, but this information is all that I could find in all of my textbooks (and I have 6). If someone would like to carry out with Key Feature Number 2 and help us all out please...

 

[miss-teek]

Key Feature 2

Significance of the rise of pan – Arab nationalism and Gamal Abdul Nassar

The seeds of pan – Arab nationalism were planted in July 1952 when the army led the Free Officers movement in an attempt to overthrow the ineffective King Farouk. As a result, General Naguib became president. However, the real source of influence during this overturn of power came from Colonel Gamal Abdul Nassar. Thus, in 1954, Nassar was elected President of Egypt. Nassar aimed for Egyptian independence – that is, to be free of British rule, an implementation of an economic reform program and he promoted the unity of all Arab countries.

As a form of retaliation, or payback for their defeat in the 1948 war, Nassar encouraged Palestinians within the Gaza Strip to attack Israeli civilians and destroy their property. He also armed a group of guerrilla fighters, the fedayeen (self – sacrifices) who, between 1950 and 1956 killed more than 360 Israelis.

A part of Nassar’s economic / agricultural policy, he wished to build the Aswan Dam over the River Nile. In October 1955, the Soviet Union had promised him money to do this, as well as the US and Britain. However, when Nassar began to purchase armaments from Czechoslovakia after months of trying unsuccessfully to purchase from the US (after a disastrous attack by Israeli forces in February 1955), the US and Britain decided to punish Nassar by withdrawing their financial support.

In July 1956 Nassar nationalized the Suez Canal. This meant that any money raised would go to the building of the Aswan Dam. This caused a conflict of interests because Britain and France wanted the Canal controlled by an international board. Egypt had previously blocked off Israel’s access to the Gulf of Aquba, which prevented Israel from entering the Suez Canal. This led to Israel’s support of the Palestinians.

With the growing concern about the strengthening powers of the USSR, and the belief that Nassar should be stopped while trying to recapture the Canal, Britain, France and Israel began to plan a conspiracy. This conspiracy was to launch an attack on Egypt. Thus, on the 29th October 1956, 100 000 Israeli troops were mobilized and, supported by French aircraft, attacked Egypt by the way of the Sinai Desert. Within days the Israelis had managed to capture the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula. Physically, victory was awarded to France, Britain and Israel, who had captured the West Bank, occupied the Canal Zone on the 5th November, and gained access to the Suez Canal for Israeli ships.
However, world support was diversified toward Egypt. Thus, Nassar’s popularity grew, and he was seen by many as the champion of the Arab world.

The rise of pan – Arab nationalism and Gamal Abdul Nassar was greatly affected by the Suez Crisis of 1956. Indeed, it had a dramatic impact on the 1967 war and created a rift between the Arab world, preventing them from achieving common goals. In early 1958, Syrian political leaders and Nassar strived for a union between the two countries. However, the countries saw themselves too diverse in their ways – and the Syrians loathed the idea of being governed by Egypt. Since Syria’s political separation from Egypt in 1961, the two

 

[miss-teek]

Creation, aims, methods and effectiveness of the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) from 1964

The Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO) was formed in 1964 under the leadership of Ahamad Shuqairir, who was a client of Nassar. This organization was established by Nassar in attempt to control the fedayeen groups, whom Nassar feared would drag Egypt into another war with Israel.

The PLO was an umbrella organization, consisting of the Palestinian Liberation Army (PLA) and later the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) established in the 196s and Fatah which was established in the late 1950s who held the belief that the only way to liberate Palestine was through the use of force. The key aim of the PLO was to liberate Palestine from its Zionist “colonial oppressions”, using the method of ‘armed struggle’, when this was necessary, and to create an independent state. King Hussein of Jordan strongly opposed the creation of the PLO, believing that the organization posed a majour threat to Jordan as half of its population was Palestinian.

In 1969, Yassar Arfat, the leader of Fatah, took control of the PLO, due to the total lack of faith in Nassar’s leadership – for the past five years the PLO had proved ineffective due to its dominance by Egypt, Syria and Saudi Arabia, in achieving its goals. The PLO now adopted violence as its key method to liberate Palestine. The PLO carried out terrorist attacks, with its headquarters based in Jordan.

King Hussein, plagued with the fear that the PLO could threaten his rule over the Palestinians and cause acts of Israeli retaliation on Jordan, arrested many members and closed down operations, expelling the PLO. As such, Jordan came under attack by both strong forces: the PLO and the Israelis. This was the beginning of the Six Day War. The War began with a pre – emptive air strike which rewarded the Israelis with the element of surprise. This was followed by an equally successful ground assault which last until the 10th June, when the UN ordered a ceasefire. But the war had proved victorious for Israel in many ways; she had succeeded in recapturing the Golan Heights, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip and more land after defeating the Arab armies.

In 1968, the Palestine National Charter was established, calling for the destruction of Israel. This Charter included the famous ‘4 Nos’: No peace, no recognition, no negotiations and insistence on the rights of the Palestinian People in their own country.
When Resolution 242 was proposed, this document was flatly rejected by the PLO due to the fact that it only referred to the Arab refugees and did not recognize the rights of the Palestinians to self – determination.

In 1974 at the Rabat Conference, the PLO was officially recognized as the sole representative of the Palestinian people. The real significance of this recognition was that King Hussein was forced to acknowledge Palestinian rights to the West Bank. This conference resulted in a diplomatic triumph for the PLO which avenged the defeat of Black September in 1970. ‘I have come bearing an olive branch, and a freedom fighter’s gun. Do not let the olive branch fall from my hand.’

 

[ignorance=bliss]

yeh i do a-i 2

in response to your thread, i will provide info on the role & objectives of the superpowers (seeing as we havent finshed,.. or should i say barely started Artab israeli, it only goes until the yom kippur war (we havent learnt lebanon war yet!) here goes

my trial is tommorow !! araaargh!!!

What influence did superpower involvement have in relation to the Arab-Israeli wars between 1956 & 1973?

Suez War of 1956

• British & French gov’t were outraged at the closure of the canal & determined to regain the canal & protect their own interests, instigated a pre-emptive attack.
• USA: warned Britain & France against taking military action.
- Eisenhower publicly condemned the trio’s actions in protection of the US reputation & relations with Arab nations (key suppliers of oil)
• USSR: threatened to use force, even nuclear force, against Britain & France.
- Admired by radical Arabs; soviet influence in the Arab world ↑.
• Establishment of UNEF: protection against border raids.

The 6 day War 1967

• Superpowers, USSR & USA deliberately supported different sides & competed with one another for power & influence in the area.
• Sought to protect their interest in the region.
• US Secretary of State advises Israel to accept the ceasefire.
• Resolution 242: provided a road map for Arab-Israeli peace talks.
• USA: ‘I don’t think its our business to restrain anyone’: message that Israel wanted to hear to resume fighting.

Yom Kippur

• USA: put intense pressure on Israel to accept a ceasefire ( implications of Arab oil embargo) & search for ways of solving the political problems of the Middle East.
• USSR: provision of missiles & engaging in air warfare with the Israelis, arms for Syria.

if people could contribute, it can only be of beenfit. thanx misteeq

 

[quincymcgee]

HI, I'm doing Arab Israeli too but we have only done up to the 6 Day War

ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT

Local Issues:
§ Dispute over area of Israel
§ The Jews and Palestinians differ in race, religion and culture but have the same religious and geographical connection to land
§ Israeli politics: attitudes towards Palestinian refugees and Arabs
§ Palestinian politics: dispute between groups, eg PLO and Hamas
Regional Issues:
§ Arab VS Jews
§ Refusal of Arab countries to recognise Israel
§ Neighbouring Arab countries allowed the formation of the PLO in their countries and allowing Fedayeen and PLO to raid across their borders into Israel
International Issues
§ Influence of superpowers
§ USA and USSR were in the middle of a Cold War
§ Both countries wanted influence in region for strategic position and oil
§ International opinions changed, against Israel> invasion of Lebanon and massacres and against Palestinians> Gulf War

STATE OF ISRAEL
§ British mandate came to and end on the 14th May 1948
§ Ben-Gurion declared Israel to be a state on the same day within the boundaries of Resolution 181
§ Its recognised by the US and USSR

Civil War 14th May 1948- July 1949
Military Strengths Weaknesses
Arabs Strategic superiorityNumbers for recruitments and armaments Internal disunity, Arab state control after winning war
Jews Effective leadershipBetter trained A smaller armyInternal disunity, Irgun, Haganah and Lehi
§ Deir Yassin, attack on Arab village by Jews
§ Counter attacks on Arabs
§ War was known as “War of Disaster” to the Arabs and “War of Independence” to the Jews
§ All borders were attacked by the Arabs
§ Israelis had success with the Lebanese and Syrian armies
§ Israeli defences collapsed under Jordan and Egyptian armies
§ Israel was able to increase armaments and immigration boosted Jewish population
§ Arabs fled their homes when violence broke out
§ Mid 1948- 200000 had left and by the end of the war 4-7 hundred thousand Arabs had fled their homes
§ Palestinian Diaspora was called the Ghurba
§ Currently Palestinians make up 18% of Israel’s population
§ Many Jews fled Arab countries and resettled in Israel

Responses to War
British United states Soviet union
§ Interests in Suez Canal, ships, trade, oil and prevention of soviet influence§ Unwilling to preserve peace§ Refused to legalise the Haganah and could not get arms§ End of mandate in 15th may 1948 § Change in policy after outbreaks put pressure on Truman§ Wanted a trusteeship on Palestine for 10 years§ Zionists places a lot of pressure on Truman who reversed his decision to support partition § Support partition in spite of violence in Palestine§ Supported sale of weapons from Czechoslovakia to Yishuv
End of War
§ UN make attempts to bring end of war
§ 3 separate truces and final one was on 7th Jan 1949
§ Israel had control of regions assigned to them by the partition plan and some area that was given to the Palestinians
§ Gaza strip was taken over by Egypt and Jordan took West Bank
§ Armistice agreements made with Egypt, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon
§ No peace treaties were made
§ Jerusalem was divided into two, west with Israel, east with Jordanians
§ West bank was seized by Jordan in April 1950
Issues Raised After War
§ It did not resolve issues but complicated things
§ Issue of Palestinian refugees
§ Arabs felt betrayed by British
§ Lack of solidarity

Suez War 29th October 1956- 6th November 1956
Cause of War
§ Israeli nationalism
§ Israeli immigration increase and the economy was doing well
§ Israeli government did not want to wait to be attacked but would confront Arab nations
§ By 1956, the Israelis were ready to use force to protect their security
§ Arab nationalism increased
§ Arabs felt humiliated by the first war and wanted revenge
§ In Egypt King Farouk was overthrown by Nassar
§ Egypt was modernised and wanted to get rid of British influence in the region
§ Nassar built up Egyptian army with Russian arms
§ Nassar then supplied arms to the Palestinian Arabs
§ Arab refugees still remained on the Israeli borders and were kept in refugee camps; were in poverty and hence dislike for Israelis increased
§ Organised Fedayeen, terrorists who carried out bombing raids into Israeli
§ 1956- Egypt blocked the Straits of Tirana to prevent ships reaching Israel
§ Nassar also seized control of the Suez Canal
§ Britain and France were outraged [previous owners of canal]
§ British were determined to get back canal and protect British interests in area
§ British, French and Israelis made a pact to attack Egypt at the same time
§ Other Arab nations were not involved in this war
War
§ 29th Oct, Israelis invaded Sinai in Egypt
§ 30th- Britain and France ordered Egypt to leave Suez Canal region
§ 31st- Britain and France started bombing Egypt
§ Egypt blocked Suez Canal and started sinking ships
§ Israel had achieved what she wanted, teaching Nassar a lesson and ended blocking of straits of Tirana
§ War was disaster for British and French
§ America denounced invasion and criticised them to the UN
§ Russians threatened to use nuclear force
§ Ceasefire on 6th Nov as they had no support from other powers
Result of War
§ Israel had another victory
- It taught Nassar a lesson and gained Sinai area
- It gave that area back to Egypt as it did not want the territory
- It stopped the Fedayeen raids
§ The Arabs saw Nassar as the hero of the Arab world
§ He had stopped Britain and France and gained the Suez Canal
§ It was a disaster for Britain and France
- Britain was finished as a world power
- Arabs distrusted Britain even more
- British interests were in danger in the middle east, especially oil
§ American and Russia were not that involved in war
§ Russia didn’t allow Egypt to use their new planes in the war
§ America didn’t support Britain, her NATO allies
§ United Nations sent a peace keeping force into the Sinai region to ensure peace in Sinai and to keep the straits of Tirana open


1957-1967
§ Nassar dominated middle east
§ Soviet influence becomes stronger with Egypt
§ 1958- Egypt formes United Arab Republic with Syria, but left in 1961 when Egypt tried to dominate Syria
§ Nassar calls for a socialists revolution but sees communism as a threat
§ He criticises US and Soviet union for interfering in Arab affairs
§ Palestinian Arabs continue to live on the refugee camps on Israeli borders
§ Israel maintains allies with Britain, France and US
§ Israel uses propaganda in west to show that Arab defence pact is threatening
§ Nov 1966- Syria and Egypt sign a defence pact
§ May 1967- Jordan joins pact


Six-Day Way 1967
§ 1966- tension grew between Syria and Israel with Syrian troops firing on Israeli farmers at border
§ Israeli air force bombed Syria and shot down fighter planes
§ May 1967- USSR tells Egypt and Syria that Israel was going to invade
§ Nassar ordered withdrawal of UN security force from Sinai and closed gulf of Aqaba to Israeli ships
§ Israel was faced with 8 Arab states wanting to attack them, and Moshe Dayan decided that they would attack first before Arabs were ready to fight
§ War began on 5th June when Israel struck Egyptian and Jordanian air bases
§ Israel then had control over the air
§ Israel drove Egypt back to Suez Canal and defeated Jordan
§ It seized Jerusalem and the West bank, then seized Golan Heights for strategic purposes
§ After 6 days of fighting, the Arab armies crumbled
§ UN imposed a cease fire on June 10
After the War
§ Israel achieved victory and gained Sinai, Gaza strip, Suez Canal, west bank, east Jerusalem and Golan heights
§ Palestinians now found themselves under Israeli rule
§ Change in PLO leadership
§ More emphasis on “Palestinians” rather then “Arabs”
§ Nov 1867- UN passed resolution 242 which made Israel give back territory for recognition of Israel
§ Syria rejected to recognise it so Israel remained in control of territories
§ New image of strength and power for Israelis
§ New territory provided Israel with strategic locations
§ Growth of Palestinian nationalism


They arn't done according to the syllabus but they are just summarising afew events.

 

[launcher169]

here is an updated version of the notes on Arab-Israeli that has already been posted:

 

[neon_sing]

umm this is from a file on the mh page
but couldnt find the file again sooo.. uploaded it

its a 21 page extended summary


anywhoo good luckz

 

[neon_sing]

some sites

NSW HSC Online - some peices of histography -->
http://hsc.csu.edu.au/modern_history/international_studies/arab_israel/

Arab/jewish refugees -->
http://www.science.co.il/Arab-Israeli-conflict.asp

Nasser and USSR foreign policy -->
http://www.courseworkbank.co.uk/coursework/arab_israeli_conflict_2863/

 

[miss-teek]

To Everyone one who contributed, thank you - I know this will help people.

I hope everyone went well on their trials.

Which Arab - Israeli Q did you do?

I will keep posting Key Features leading up to HSC time ........ahhhhhh! SCARY!

tata

 

[noseintheclouds]

Someone had a question they were asked about the superpowers. our teacher went through and did some big mindmaps about the involvement of the superpowers us, ussr and un from partitioning to the gulf war. here they are incase anyone is interested because i think alot of questions were asked about them...

US Involvement:

· Jewish Community in the US: A powerful political force in the US. Able to pressure the Government into supporting Jewish immigration into Palestine
· Partition: Supported this decision, also seen to influence other countries into supporting it as well. Did not want to commit troops to the region, as this would give USSR a reason to enter the region as well. Cold War being played out in the Middle East
· 1956 Suez Crisis: Oil a big reason from interest in the region. US unhappy with Egypt because of arms deal with the US. US refuse to fund Aswan Dam so Nasser closes the Suez- seen as big reason for the Suez Crisis
· 1967 Six Day War: Increased aid to Israel to stop Arab supremacy due to USSR armaments. US also happy to give aid to non-aggressive Arab states like Jordan
· 1973 Yom Kippur: Arabs able to use oil as a weapon of negotiation with the US. US loyalties now divided. Do they back Israel or keep Arab countries happy?
· Camp David Agreement: US-led negotiations between Israel and Egypt. Treaty signed but really solved none of the issues/problems. Israel to withdraw from Syria and allow some Palestinians self-rule in the WB. US support Arafat which forces Israel to allow elections in the WB for Palestinian Council (or Palestinian Authority)
· 1975-1985l Lebanon War: US send troops to oversee the safe departure of the PLO from Lebanese refugee camps. US highly involved in this conflict. US withdraw troops after 240 soldiers killed due to car bomb blast
· 1991 Gulf War: US prepared to commit troops to the Middle East due to oil. US pressure Israel not to fight. US supported by neighboring Arab countries
· 1988: Arafat renounces terrorism and recognizes Israel. US open negotiations with the PLO and there is US pressure on Israel to negotiate with PLO
· Madrid/Oslo: US-led negotiations to gain peace in the region, ‘Land for Peace.’ Israel refuses to accept. US condemns Israeli response to the Intifada
· Peace Treaty/Foreign Aid: US refuses loans to Israel for fear of more Jewish settlements in the OPT. These loans are reinstated when it is seen that Rabin plans to accept ‘Land for Peace.’ Israel receives over $5billion a year from US aid. US cancels Jordan’s debt to them because of Jordan-Israel treaty in 1994

USSR Involvement:

· Partition: Agreed initially to partition because of the huge Jewish pop in the Soviet who moved to Palestine. These Jews hated the Soviet and sought US support. They then turned against partition in order to gain support from Muslims in the Soviet and around the world. Finally vote yes
· Support for Arab States: Supported Arab states, as they wanted to gain worldwide allies. Use influence to control oil supply to the US. To test US involvement in the Middle East they start Cold War
· 1956 Suez: While the world was distracted by the Crisis, the USSR was able to put down an uprising in Hungary without any worldwide outcry
· 1967 Six Day War: Armed Arab states. Showed support of Arab states by calling for Israeli withdrawal from the OPT
· USSR and USA happy to play out the Cold War assures through proxy in the Middle East
· 1973 Yom Kippur: Soviet weapons allowed Arab states to make huge initial gains, not able to advantage though. Détente (easing of tension) of the Cold War sees the USSR call on Syria and Egypt to recognize defeat and sign a ceasefire so that it would save Soviet credibility
· Waning Influence: Soviet support of Syria sees other Arab countries move away from the Soviet as Syria took an anti-Israel stance. USSR became more concerned with trying to keep up with trying to keep up with US military might than to worry about Middle East affairs
· 1991 Collapse of the Soviet: Increase of Soviet Jews before and after the fall of Communism fleeing to Israel. New Soviet arrivals in Israel become the new settlers in the OPT which had a huge impact on the Palestinians

UN Involvement:

· Partition: UNSCOP (United Nations Special Committee on Palestine) decided on partition solution to the situation in Palestine. The plan was really unworkable because it left a lot of Arabs in Jewish land and left the Arabs with a lot of infertile land. UN voted on partition, majority vote for Yes. UN representative Count Bernadotte talked by Jewish extremists. 1949 UN led peace talks based on Res. 181. 1950 ‘Law to Return.’
· Suez 1956: UN vote for immediate ceasefire. UN forces provide a buffer zone in the Sinai between Israel and Egypt
· 1967 Six Day War: UN security force ordered out of Egypt by Nasser and the Suez crisis. UN called for ceasefire in June. UN passes Resolution 242. Ignored or rejected by most
· 1973 Yom Kippur: Set-up buffer zone as a result of Israeli withdrawals. Set-up more buffer zones near the oilfields. USA and USSR use the UN as means to end hostilities between Arab and Israeli. UN led ceasefire. October UN to occupy Sinai again as buffer zone between both sides. UNDOF (Disengaged Observer Force) in Golan Heights since 1973 to separate Israel and Syria
· 1974 Recognition of the PLO: UN adopts moderate views towards Arafat and accepts him as the official representative of Palestinians (Res. 3236)
· 1975-1985 Lebanon War: Res. 425 withdrawal of Israeli forces from Lebanon, creation of UN Interior Force, return authority to Lebanon Govt. Israel ignored this. UN’s Res. 508 and 509 wanted to stop fighting and withdraw Israel forces. Both ignored. UNIFL (Interim Force in Lebanon) calls for Israel’s withdrawal from Lebanon. Israel ignores them. UN ordered ceasefire July 1981. UN Security Council demand lifting of the Beruit blockade
· 1991 Gulf War: Opposed to Iraq’s military occupation (Kuwait). Part of International Community with the US that pressures Israel not to retaliate to Hussein’s attempt to turn the Gulf War into Arab-Israel War
· Condemnation: UN condemns Israel because of Jewish Settlements in the OPT which have been deemed as illegal. Israel refuses to leave the OPT. UN ‘Right of Return’ for Palestinian refugees denied by Israel. Res 194

 

[Modern Hot Chic]

Does anyone have any notes I could use on Key Feature.....I don't know what number it is, but the one about the reasons and consequences of Jewish occupants in settlements and the West Bank (or something to that effect)?