I only know of these from art, but im pretty sure it correlates with english.
In short:
Rationalism - the belief in a logical and scientific way of thinking. ie, for something to be real it must be proven, etc. This coincides with movements away from the church. It is greatly influenced by classical ways of thinking, such as ancient greece and rome.
Romanticism - a response to the enlightenment and rational which came before, in which there was a shift to nature, beauty and the supernatural. Artists and authors drew from their imagination and nature rather than the tangible. There was emphasis on heightened emotion and the philosophical theory of the sublime: that great beauty could only be found with great horror, and that could only be found in nature. (eg. the beauty of standing above a waterfall with the fear of falling to your death)
Realism - in which the lower and working classes were represented as they were believed to uphold society. They were depicted as realistically as possible, departing from the Romantic tendency to glamorise or idealise things.
Hope this helps!
