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[Takuto]

Q: What are the features of an organism that defines it as a pathogen? (3 marks)

 

[aussiechick007]

Q: What are the features of an organism that defines it as a pathogen? (3 marks)

an organism must:
- be able to survive outside a host or be readily transferred
- have a mechanism to be transferred from organism to organism.
- be able to reproduce in large enough numbers to cause disease.
- be able to enter an organism and reproduce without being destroyed by the body's defence system first.

heres a long one...

Evaluate the contributions made by both Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch to our present understanding of the causes and possible prevention of infectious diseases (8 marks)

 

[imqt]

HUMAN STORY question, which i dont really understand

PART 6...COMPARE HUMANS WITH OTHER PRIMATES IN TERMS OF CARE OF YOUNG, LENGTH OF JUVENILE STAGE, SOCIAL GROUPS, TOOLS, AND COMMUNICATIONS AND ASSESS THE EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFCANCE OF SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES

HOWS IT SIGNIFICANT?

 

[WantToDoBetter]

Question: Define the term threshold and explain why not all stimuli generate an action potential.

As has already been stated, the Threshold is the minimum stimuli required to produce an action potential. This process is usually refered to a an "all or none" respone as the threshold is either reached or isn't. Depolarisation of the neurons membrane causes this action potential. Migration of sodium (Na+) ions occurs when the threshold is reached and the neurons membrane becomes peremable. This creates a pulse which travels down the axon and is transmitted to the next neuron over the synaps.
(Some Cl- and K+ ions also invovled but majority of movement is Na= ions dude to membrane peremability).

Communication Q: Explain, using specific examples, the importance of correct interpetation of signals by the brain for the coordination of animal behaviour.

 

[hoochiscrazy]

Is blood type (e.g AB) an example of incomplete dominance?

 

[aussiechick007]

^ that is an example of co-dominance yes

 

[danz90]

Evaluate the contributions made by both Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch to our present understanding of the causes and possible prevention of infectious diseases (8 marks)

lol I'll have a shot from the top of my head.

Louis Pasteur carried out an experiment, in which he disproved the spontaneous generation theory. He placed a beef broth in two swan neck flasks, boiled the beef broth thoroughly to kill any microorganisms. Pasteur then broke the swan neck on ONE of the flasks, so that the mixture was exposed to air. After several days, Pasteur observed that the mixture exposed to air exhibited growing bacterial/fungal colonies, and spoilage of the beef broth. The mixture not exposed to air was still fresh and observed no spoilage at all. Hence, this disproved the spontaneous generation theory, bringing to light the germ theory of disease - that in order for disease to occur, a pathogen must be present from a source. (a pathogen cannot generate spontaneously). Pasteur's conclusions have suggested that the cause of diseaes are pathogens present in air, water and other mediums. This has had an immense impact in our understanding that pathogenic microorganisms are the cause of infectious disease, and has allowed for the base of research into the prevention of such infectious disease.

Robert Koch had conducted experiments to further specificy the causative agents of disease. He developed four principles known as Koch's postulates, used to specify the causative pathogen of a particular disease:
1. The symptoms and pathogen must be present in all hosts infected with the disease.
2. The microorganism must be able to be isolated from the initial host and cultured in a lab.
3. When the cultured microorganism is injected into another host (same speces), the same symptoms should be exhibited, as the initial host.
4. When the same pathogen from the second infected host is cultured and innoculated into a third host, the symptoms should also be those as the initial host.

Koch's understanding of the causative agents of disease, is still incorporated today as a method of determining the causative pathogen of a particular disease, and hence has had a significant impact in contributing to of the causes and possible methods of prevention of disease.

The collaboration of the theories and ideas developed by Pasteur and Koch, have led to the development of measures to inhibit the spread and growth of microorganisms that cause disease (ie pathogens) in an infected host, defined by the particular symptoms if a disease. This includes the development of vaccines, and medications such as antibiotics. Pasteurisation is a widely used process in the food industry based on Pasteur's experiments, to ensure pathogen and disease-free, and thus safe foods be sold to consumers to prevent and control the spread of disease.

It is evident that the contributions of Pasteur and Koch, have had an immense and significant impact upon our understanding of the causes and possible prevention and control of disease in our society.


Imqt, i love your sig BPharm 2009 FTW!

 

[midifile]

Discuss the importance of pedigrees in tracing the inheritance of traits

 

[danz90]

Communication Q: Explain, using specific examples, the importance of correct interpetation of signals by the brain for the coordination of animal behaviour.

hope im going in the right direction with this answer.

A stimulus is necessary for a response to be generated by the Central Nervous System, which is carried out by effectors instructed by the Peripheral Nervous System.

For example, if one touches a very hot surface (such as a stove plate), thermoreceptors in the skin will detect the excessive heat, generting an action potential which will send an electrochemical impulse along sensory neurones to the CNS. In the CNS, the stimulus is processed and then a response is generated, which is sent as an electrochemical impulse to muscles in the arm touching the hot plate, causing a very prompt withdrawal from the hot plate. The brain's correct interpretation of the signal provided by the collaboration of thermoreceptors and sensory neurones is necessary to prompt the quick hand withdrawal, so that the skin tissue is saved from a burn.

Another example, involves the interpretation of light intensity by the brain. When one looks at a bright light such as the sun, rod cells in the eyes detect the very intense light, generating an electrochemical impulse from the retinal layers to the optic nerve, which ultimately travels to the brain for interpretation. The brain will process the light intensity signal received at the occipital lobes, and then generate an electrochemical impulse to the iris muscles in the eye - causing a contraction of the pupil/iris to limit the amount of light entering the eye. This is necessary to prevent any irreversible damage to the retina. If there is an incorrect interpretation of the signal from the retina, by the brain, then intense light will potentially cause retinal damage affecting visual acuity.

Hence, it is evident that correct interpretation of signals by the brain from a range of stimuli, is necessary in order to generate a response to coordinate appropriate animal behavioural responses in maintaining homeostasis (or in this case preventing tissue damage).

 

[hoochiscrazy]

Describe the process of DNA replication and explain its significance.

 

[imqt]

lol I'll have a shot from the top of my head.

Louis Pasteur carried out an experiment, in which he disproved the spontaneous generation theory. He placed a beef broth in two swan neck flasks, boiled the beef broth thoroughly to kill any microorganisms. Pasteur then broke the swan neck on ONE of the flasks, so that the mixture was exposed to air. After several days, Pasteur observed that the mixture exposed to air exhibited growing bacterial/fungal colonies, and spoilage of the beef broth. The mixture not exposed to air was still fresh and observed no spoilage at all. Hence, this disproved the spontaneous generation theory, bringing to light the germ theory of disease - that in order for disease to occur, a pathogen must be present from a source. (a pathogen cannot generate spontaneously). Pasteur's conclusions have suggested that the cause of diseaes are pathogens present in air, water and other mediums. This has had an immense impact in our understanding that pathogenic microorganisms are the cause of infectious disease, and has allowed for the base of research into the prevention of such infectious disease.

Robert Koch had conducted experiments to further specificy the causative agents of disease. He developed four principles known as Koch's postulates, used to specify the causative pathogen of a particular disease:
1. The symptoms and pathogen must be present in all hosts infected with the disease.
2. The microorganism must be able to be isolated from the initial host and cultured in a lab.
3. When the cultured microorganism is injected into another host (same speces), the same symptoms should be exhibited, as the initial host.
4. When the same pathogen from the second infected host is cultured and innoculated into a third host, the symptoms should also be those as the initial host.

Koch's understanding of the causative agents of disease, is still incorporated today as a method of determining the causative pathogen of a particular disease, and hence has had a significant impact in contributing to of the causes and possible methods of prevention of disease.

The collaboration of the theories and ideas developed by Pasteur and Koch, have led to the development of measures to inhibit the spread and growth of microorganisms that cause disease (ie pathogens) in an infected host, defined by the particular symptoms if a disease. This includes the development of vaccines, and medications such as antibiotics. Pasteurisation is a widely used process in the food industry based on Pasteur's experiments, to ensure pathogen and disease-free, and thus safe foods be sold to consumers to prevent and control the spread of disease.

It is evident that the contributions of Pasteur and Koch, have had an immense and significant impact upon our understanding of the causes and possible prevention and control of disease in our society.


Imqt, i love your sig BPharm 2009 FTW!

:wave: hehe yeh can't w8 ....got the idea from ur sig :rofl:

 

[imqt]

btw guys i was reading in another thread something about equine influenze, cervical cancer and potential questions on these?

 

[midifile]

They might have something like a long paragraph on cervical cancer and then say "using this or another example explain the role of vaccinations in controlling or preventing disease"

They often do things like that

 

[Lebstr]

Describe the process of DNA replication and explain its significance.

the significance of dna replication is tht exact copis of genes are made. this is only possible because dna is a double helix, and bases pair up commplementary such as g-c and t-a. the process include:
1) the dna unwinds at an end and the 2 seperate dna strands are exposed to free necleotids. these nucleotides pair commplemntary. the pairinf of the bases is catalysed by the enzyme dna polymerase.

 

[imqt]

They might have something like a long paragraph on cervical cancer and then say "using this or another example explain the role of vaccinations in controlling or preventing disease"

They often do things like that

oh ok, was wondering cause we havent touched anything to do with cervical cancer...i guess we bring inn our general knowledge here...we can use other examples such as small pox, polio and diphtheria; ones which are directly related to syllabus?


how about equine influenza? what do people know about this

 

[dolbinau]

oh ok, was wondering cause we havent touched anything to do with cervical cancer...i guess we bring inn our general knowledge here...we can use other examples such as small pox, polio and diphtheria; ones which are directly related to syllabus?


how about equine influenza? what do people know about this

We don't need to know anything, if they talked about equine our knowledge of Quarantine etc. would be applied.

 

[danz90]

oh ok, was wondering cause we havent touched anything to do with cervical cancer...i guess we bring inn our general knowledge here...we can use other examples such as small pox, polio and diphtheria; ones which are directly related to syllabus?


how about equine influenza? what do people know about this

well u would tie in your knowledge of vaccinations and how they work in preventing and controlling spread of disease.

It is likely that the 8-marker will have some sort of stimulus. And if its about cervical cancer, it will mention that human papilloma virus (HPV) causes cervical cancer. Then you wuld go on to talk about how vaccinations would prevent and control the spread of this virus, hence to prevent cervical cancer.

The equine influenza.. again just apply your knowledge of vaccinations and/or medication that prevents the spread of the equine influenza virus, as well as quarantine measures.

Pretty straightforward IMO.

But my teacher told me, its these 8 marker questions that will distinguish band 6 students from band 5 students.
Experienced teacher judges look at these 8-markers very closely when they look at determining the raw band 6 cut off.

 

[imqt]

We don't need to know anything, if they talked about equine our knowledge of Quarantine etc. would be applied.

k kool thanks =)

 

[imqt]

well u would tie in your knowledge of vaccinations and how they work in preventing and controlling spread of disease.

It is likely that the 8-marker will have some sort of stimulus. And if its about cervical cancer, it will mention that human papilloma virus (HPV) causes cervical cancer. Then you wuld go on to talk about how vaccinations would prevent and control the spread of this virus, hence to prevent cervical cancer.

The equine influenza.. again just apply your knowledge of vaccinations and/or medication that prevents the spread of the equine influenza virus, as well as quarantine measures.

Pretty straightforward IMO.

But my teacher told me, its these 8 marker questions that will distinguish band 6 students from band 5 students.
Experienced teacher judges look at these 8-markers very closely when they look at determining the raw band 6 cut off.

kool, i generally find these 8 markers pretty easy so hopefully its in our favour for the last time

 

[dolbinau]

If hypothetically our 8 marker is about vaccinations. Would we talk about how it actually works? (With T/B memory cells etc..), Boosters, Pasteur's contribution (Anthrax) etc..?

I just don't want to over do it and actually answer the question.